EU rates; VAT 21% standard, 9% reduced for essentials
Certified antiques may be exempt/reduced rate
Higher for luxury vehicles
Exemptions for government/defense use
Duty/VAT on all imports; no de minimis
Most electronics at standard rate
Exemptions for investment/infrastructure
Many medical devices duty-free/reduced rate
Biosecurity applies; reduced VAT for food
Many medicines duty-free/reduced rate